In modern education, one of the main areas of study is physical education from an early age. Now, when children spend almost all their free time on computers and phones, this aspect is becoming especially relevant. After all, a harmonious personality, the upbringing of which is the goal of modern education, is not only a complex of knowledge and skills, but also good physical development, and, therefore, good health. That is why it is important to know the principles of physical education, its purpose and objectives. Such knowledge will help each parent to take an active part in the development of a healthy personality of their child from the preschool level and help him to develop correctly.
Physical education: goals, objectives, principles
Physical education is an educational process that aims to form the child’s motor skills, his psychophysical qualities, and also help him make his body perfect.
The goal of this direction is to educate a harmoniously developed, physically perfect child who has at a high level such qualities as cheerfulness, vitality, and creativity. Physical education is aimed at solving such problems as:
- Wellness
- educational;
- educational.
The recovery of the child is a priority of the pedagogical process and is aimed at strengthening the health and protecting the life of the child. This also includes harmonious psychomotor development, increased immunity through hardening, as well as increased performance. Wellness tasks are designed to:
- help to form the correct posture, curves of the spine, harmonious physique;
- develop arches of the foot;
- strengthen the ligamentous-articular apparatus;
- regulate bone growth and mass;
- develop the muscles of the face, body and all other organs.
Educational tasks are aimed at the formation of motor skills, as well as the development of psychophysical qualities and motor abilities. This also includes the acquisition of a certain system of knowledge about sports exercises, their structure and what kind of healing function they carry for the body. The child in the process of education should be aware of his motor actions, learn the terminology, physical and spatial, as well as acquire the necessary level of knowledge about the correct execution of movements and sports exercises, fix in memory what objects, shells, aids are called, and remember how to use them. He must know his body, and the pedagogical process is designed to form his body reflection.
Educational tasks consist in the formation of the ability to rationally use physical exercises in independent motor activity, as well as in helping to acquire grace, flexibility and expressiveness of movements. Trained such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity, self-organization. The education of hygienic qualities, as well as assistance to the educator in organizing various games, is being formed. The educational tasks include the creation of favorable conditions for the formation of positive personality traits, the laying of its moral foundations and strong-willed qualities, instilling a culture of feelings and an aesthetic attitude to sports exercises.
The solution of all problems in unity is the key to the formation of a harmonious, comprehensively developed personality.
The principles of physical education are made up of the basic methodological laws of the pedagogical process, which are expressed in the basic requirements for the content, construction and organization of the educational and methodological process.
Harmonious physical education is possible in a combination of general pedagogical didactic principles and specific laws of this direction of education.
General pedagogical principles: awareness, activity, systematic and repetition
The principles of physical education of preschool children are based primarily on basic pedagogical, which are designed to help achieve this goal. Only the unity of all components ensures the development of the child at the right level. So, the basic principles of physical education of preschool children on the basis of general pedagogical:
- The principle of awareness is designed to instill in a child a meaningful attitude to sports exercises, as well as outdoor games. Derived on the basis of contrasting awareness with mechanical memorization of movements. With the awareness of the technique of movements, the order of their implementation, as well as the muscle tension of their own body, the child will form a body reflection.
- The principle of activity implies the development of such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity.
- The principle of systematicity and consistency. Mentioning the basic principles of physical education on the basis of pedagogical, it is impossible not to mention the degree of importance of this. It is mandatory for each form of this direction of education: improving motor skills, hardening and creating a regime. It is systematicity that ensures the interconnection of knowledge, skills and abilities. Preparatory and leading exercises in the system allow you to master a new one, then, relying on it, move on to the next, more complex one. This principle is implemented by the regularity, regularity and continuity of this area of education in the period of preschool age.
- The principle of repetition of motor skills. Speaking about the principles of physical education of preschool children, this should be mentioned in the list of the most important. It is the repetition that provides the assimilation of movements and the formation of motor skills. Only under such a condition can dynamic stereotypes be formed. The repetition system is based on the assimilation of new material and the repetition of the past.
- The principle of gradualism, which implies the presence of variations in the existing stereotype of movements. Gradual, as well as regular training are the basis of physiological rules.
- The principle of visualization, which is necessary in order to establish a connection between sensory perception and thinking. This will make it possible to target all the functions of sensory systems that are involved in movement. Mentioning these principles of the system of physical education, they imply direct and indirect visualization. The first is expressed in the fact that the teacher himself demonstrates the motor actions that are unlearned at this stage. Indirect visualization is realized by showing films, manuals, photographs and graphs that provide an accurate picture of the new movement. This principle is designed to provide more accurate assimilation and reproduction of new material.
- The principle of accessibility is key to proper physical education. Given the different levels of difficulty of the exercises, the teacher should take into account the personal characteristics of each child, assigning physical activity. Only such an approach will help to benefit the body and help in the harmonious development of all the physical qualities of a preschooler. Failure to comply with the principle of accessibility can lead to various physical and psychological injuries.
- The principle of individualization involves focusing on the natural data of a preschooler, relying on which, the teacher creates a further plan for improving his physical development.
Graduation, visibility, accessibility, individualization - other general educational principles
It must be borne in mind that each of these principles in a complex ensures the formation of a healthy, developed personality. Failure to comply with at least one of them reduces the likelihood of an exact achievement of the goal.
The principles of physical education: a characteristic of each principle
Modern education requirements imply careful adherence to all the rules of education for the systematic achievement of the goal. Preschool age is the initial stage of personality training. And right now it is extremely important to take into account all the principles of physical education, so that the child possesses the necessary motor skills, bodily reflection and other indicators of a physically developed personality to move to a new educational unit. The principles to be followed in this area of education are as follows:
- The principle of continuity, which is one of the most important. They provide the order of classes, the relationship between them, as well as how often and for how long they should be held. Classes are the key to the correct physical development of the preschooler.
- The principle of a system of alternating rest and stress. In order to increase the effectiveness of classes, it is necessary to combine high activity and relaxation of the child in various types of motor activity. This principle is expressed in the dynamic change of forms and content of functional loads from one stage to another.
- The principle of a gradual build-up of developing-training influences determines a sequential increase in loads. This approach increases the developmental effect, enhances and updates the effect of exercises on the body during this direction of education.
- The principle of cyclicity provides a repeating sequence of classes, thus allowing them to increase their effectiveness and improve the physical fitness of the preschooler.
Other principles of the system of this direction of education
The characteristics of the principles of physical education will be incomplete without mentioning the remaining basic norms:
- The principle of age-related activity of the process of this direction of education, which involves taking into account all the individual characteristics of the preschooler.
- The principle of comprehensive and harmonious development. It helps in the development of the psychophysical abilities of the child, his motor abilities and skills, carried out in unity. This principle is aimed at the comprehensive development of a preschooler, which includes the upbringing of all personal qualities of a child.
- The principle of improving orientation, which is designed to solve the problem of strengthening children's health. This implies a combination of physical exercises with specific procedures that increase the capabilities of the child's body. They also help to significantly improve the healing activity of the brain. Speaking about the principles of physical education in preschool educational institutions, it should be noted that the implementation of this direction should be carried out strictly under the supervision of a doctor.
The educator is required to strictly comply with each principle in order to educate the personality of a preschooler as efficiently as possible.
Methods of this direction of education
Under the method refers to a set of techniques that are aimed at optimizing the educational process. The choice of method is determined by the tasks facing the educator for a specific period of time, the content of educational activities, as well as the individual and age characteristics of the preschooler.
The methods and principles of physical education in the aggregate are aimed at achieving a single goal: the formation of a physically developed personality.
It should be borne in mind that the activation of physical and mental forces, and then rest after exertion, restore working capacity much faster and more efficiently.
The main methods of this direction of education, which are fundamental for the teacher in the process of working with preschoolers, are as follows:
- Information-receptive method, which determines the relationship and interdependence of the joint activities of the child and the teacher. Thanks to him, the teacher can specifically and clearly convey knowledge to the preschooler, and to him - consciously remember and perceive them.
- Reproductive, another name of which is the method of organizing the reproduction of ways of activity. It consists in thinking over the system of physical exercises, which are aimed at reproducing the actions already known to the preschooler, formed through the use of the information-receptive method.
- The method of problem education is an integral part of system education, which without it would be inferior. This is due to the fact that the child cannot learn to think, and also develop creative abilities to the required level only through the assimilation of knowledge. The basis of problem-based learning is the laws of the development of human thinking and his creative activity for cognition. The child’s mental activity is activated when he has a need to understand something. In search of a solution to a particular problem, he independently acquires knowledge. And they are digested better than ready-made answers. In addition, when a child solves tasks that are feasible for his age in outdoor games, this contributes to the development of his self-esteem and self-confidence. By introducing problematic situations into motor activity, the educator makes learning more interesting and effective. In addition, this is a good prerequisite for the development of creative abilities, which become an integral part of the development of preschool children.
- The method of strictly regulated exercises solves the problem of providing the best conditions for the child to learn motor skills and develop psychophysical qualities.
- The method of circular training, involving the movement of a preschooler in a predetermined circle, the implementation of specific tasks and exercises that make it possible to influence various muscle groups, organs and body systems. The purpose of this method is to achieve a high healing effect from exercises and increase the body's working capacity.
General didactic methods in this area of preschool education
In addition to the above, there are other methods in this area of preschool education, which are general didactic:
- Visual methods contribute to the formation of knowledge and sensations regarding movement, sensory perception and to develop sensory abilities.
- Verbal methods, which also have the name of verbal methods, are aimed at enhancing the consciousness of the child, forming a deeper understanding of the tasks, performing physical exercises at a conscious level, understanding their contents, structure, as well as independent and creative use in a variety of cases.
- Practical methods are designed to provide a check of the motor actions of the preschooler, the correctness of his perceptions and motor sensations.
In the learning process, it is important to consider that all the methods and principles of physical education are interconnected and should be applied in combination for a more effective result.
Physical exercises - development of independence and creativity
The first seven years of a child’s life is a period of intensive development: both physical and mental. That is why it is so important to provide him with optimal learning conditions and implement all the principles of physical education. His future labor and educational achievements directly depend on how well he will possess his body and his movements. Agility and orientation, as well as the speed of the motor reaction are of great importance.
Having properly organized the physical education of a preschooler in everyday life, the educator and parents ensure the implementation of the motor regime, which is a necessary condition for a healthy physical and mental state of the child during the day.
Forms for the implementation of the physical education of a preschooler
The basic principle of physical education is the implementation of goals and objectives. What is achieved by various forms of physical activity:
- outdoor games;
- walk;
- individual work with a separate preschool child or a small group;
- classes of children with various physical exercises in an independent form;
- sports holidays.
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