Sometimes it happens that people begin to see poorly, that is, vision disappears. And no matter how much you want, sooner or later you have to wear glasses. Everyone knows that glasses are one of the most common devices that is designed to improve or correct a person’s vision, and they also protect eyes from harmful influences. Glasses are used by people whose vision deviates from the norm, and this does not depend on the type of deviation.
Points Composition
As a rule, all types of glasses consist of the following:
- Lenses.
- Frames frames.
- The "bridge" of the frame.
- Temples or temples.
- Emphasis for a nose.
- Hinge or lock.
Monocle - these are glasses for the correction of one eye
There are times when one eye does not see well, and it needs to be corrected; an optical device was developed for this. This optical device became a luxury item in the 19th century; only rich people could afford it. At present, you rarely meet anyone with such a device. "What is this optical device?" - you ask. The answer is simple: this device is called a monocle.
Monocle is one of the varieties of glasses for correcting or improving vision. An integral part of it is a lens, most often with a frame and with an attached chain so that it can be fixed on clothes. Also, the chain was necessary in order not to lose monocle glasses. The monocle itself is small in size, sits perfectly in the eye socket. In general, one eye cannot hold glasses, so you just have to be surprised or raise an eyebrow - as they fall out of the hollow.
The appearance of monocle
The monocle appeared in the 19th century, initially this optical device looked like a lens with a pen. Most often it was used in order to be able to read the text, it was held directly in front of the text itself or in front of the eyes. Soon, the pen lost its function, because it became common to clamp the monocle with the muscles of the face.
Monocle History
The monocle is a symbol of retrograde, leaving a colorful imprint not only in literature, but also in the visual arts. The first adherent of the new fashion is the famous writer Emil de Girarden. Prince de Sagan introduced a tortoise-shaped lornet with a wide moire ribbon, and Prince de Beaufremont put on a monocle on the field of his hat. The journalist and writer from France, Orellien Scholl, wore a rimless monocle. But the famous Georges Sand used the device in order to be able to look at unfamiliar men, this led them to bewilderment and delight, because such behavior was beyond decency. Also, the monocle was used by the poets Jean Morreas and Jean Lorren, writer Zhoris-Karl Huysmans. Although the latter most preferred pince-nez, still there are photographs where he is depicted with a monocle.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the English minister Neville Chamberlain became famous, he became famous for his monocle. However, many believed that they did not suit him, but he still continued to wear them. Currently, the model is "used" by the fictional character Eustace Tilly, he is a real dandy and the mascot of the famous magazine The New Yorker. The first time Tilly appeared on the cover of this magazine in 1925. During this period, the owners of the monocle were already ridiculed, but, as you can see, this does not interfere with the life of the fictional hero so far.
Monocle in Russia
Representatives of various literary movements began to wear the monocle in Russia. Baron Nikolai Frangel regularly wore the device and did not remove it. After the revolution, the monocle began to be called a sign of old regime and bourgeoisie. Even artists began to wear it, people who were depicted on posters also had a lens inserted.
Monocle is an optical device that has become popular at the same time as pince-nez. These two types of glasses were popular before the First World War. They were massively worn on the face, most often men. The monocle was very popular among guard officers, especially German ones. The device gained maximum popularity in Germany and the Russian Empire. When the war began, in Russia the monocle ceased to be popular.
The last lover of such a device is considered Mikhail Bulgakov. It is generally accepted that the monocle is an shocking symbol of bourgeoisie for Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasevich bought it after receiving his first fee. Immediately after the acquisition, he took a picture with him. After that, he distributed this photo to all friends and acquaintances. The monocle is also associated with one of the best symbols of European life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Design
A monocle is a single optical lens that is housed in a thin frame with an accompanying cord or chain. A lace was hung on a lapel or on a button of a jacket. The monocle lens was well attached to the frame, and she could not fall out of it.
Wear Methods
If the monocle was not used, then it was carried in a vest pocket. If it was used, it was inserted into the eye socket and clamped between the eyebrow and cheek. Historians note that due to muscular effort, the face became special. Such a person has become the image of an aristocratic man. Monocle carriers came up with some kind of acrobatics, they inserted the device into the eye socket and quickly dropped it. This was a kind of entertainment among connoisseurs of monocle.
Pensne
Pince-nez is glasses without arches that cling to the ears, they are held on the nose by clamping the spring on the nose. For the first time, pince-nez became known in the 16th century, but they became one of the fashion accessories and regular household items only in the 19th century, together with a monocle. Pince-nez is translated from French pincer - “pinch”, and nez - “nose”. The first pince-nez were round in shape, over time they acquired an oval shape. In general, it is customary to consider the 19th century as a saturated time for various accessories. The only difficult requirement for choosing a pince-nez was that, in addition to choosing a lens, you had to carefully choose a frame so that it fit perfectly in size. If the frame was chosen incorrectly, then the person’s nose became sick, but there was a good vision correction. Then I had to treat my nose to avoid this, people tried to choose the right frame.
Pensne and Chekhov
Many people believe that pince-nez is an integral part of the image of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, but he had it in recent years. The writer began to wear it in 1897. After a serious illness Chekhov was examined by many doctors. An astigmatism was discovered by an optometrist, plus everything he had a diopter difference of one and a half units, so the lenses were selected for a long time. The brother of Anton Pavlovich wore a pince-nez all his life, so the writer often tried on him. It turns out that Chekhov saw his vision problems, but for some reason was in no hurry to get rid of them. One day, after all, I had to see a doctor, they had difficulty picking up lenses, but from that moment on, Anton Chekhov began wearing a pince-nez. Now Chekhov's pince-nez can be seen in his museums, it is stored there to this day.
Photographer and Monocle
At present, many photographers use monocle, because it is a simple lens, which consists of a single positive lens. There is a classic view that William Wollaston suggested back in the early 19th century for using the camera - obsura. This lens looks like a concave and convex meniscus, which turns the concavity outward to the object. Using this lens, you can change the astigmatism and make the field curvature less in the image. This is due to negative astigmatism of the anterior surface.
The monocle as a lens has a low aperture and a small angle of field of view. A photograph that was taken using such a lens is usually low contrast with a low sharpness decreasing towards the edge. Although sharpness can be increased. In the modern world, a creative, soft-focusing lens is used, which is most often used for portraits, landscape shooting, as well as still lifes. Modern photographers are very fond of using the monocle for their photographs. Indeed, thanks to him, you can make very beautiful pictures that will only please the eye.