Miscarriage is a very heavy burden, which in 20% of cases leads to the refusal of the birth of the following children. Women who have experienced a miscarriage or the threat of a miscarriage (especially in the later stages) cannot recover either mentally or physically for a long time. They blame themselves for the tragedy. However, in fact, it was not they who were to blame, but low awareness of the rules of the course of pregnancy in the norm and the first signs of serious problems.
How is pregnancy normal?
The normal course of pregnancy from the first to the last trimester is characterized by stable weight gain, the absence of toxicosis (its early manifestations with attenuation), and the absence of secretions and pain until the last week before the birth of the baby.
Urine, blood and ultrasound tests should also indicate a favorable pregnancy outcome. There should be no signs of a violation of blood pressure, intrauterine changes or sudden jumps in general anthropometric indicators.
We can say that throughout the pregnancy the patient should feel a slight malaise, drowsiness, a change in eating habits and nothing more.
If there are sharp changes in the condition, in the presence of secretions or late toxicosis, an additional examination should be performed by a gynecologist. It is likely that these first changes will cause the development of more serious problems with the health of the mother and fetus. And they will also be the root cause of natural termination of pregnancy for a period of 8-12 weeks, which is also called the threat of miscarriage in early pregnancy.
Causes
The reasons for the threat of miscarriage in the early and late stages are a number of negative factors. They force the uterus to reject the fetus. The following is a list of what miscarriage threats are and what the consequences are after them:
Genetic mutations incompatible with life. According to medical statistics, 70% of miscarriages occur precisely with the development of genetic abnormalities in the fetus. At the same time, not only a hereditary factor can provoke their appearance, but also a number of adverse effects: drugs, alcohol, narcotic mixtures, hormonal ointments, and so on. In order to prevent the development of fatal changes, all women undergo prenatal screening up to a 12-week period, which reveals pregnancy pathologies and predisposition to them.
Hormonal changes associated with insufficient progesterone production. It is this hormone that is responsible for the restructuring of the body to bear the baby. In the event that a woman has a decrease in female and an increase in male hormones - there is a real threat of rejection of the embryo.
Rhesus conflict between mother and child. Most often, it arises as a result of incompatibility of the parental DNA cells, when the child receives the blood of the father (positive) and the mother is not able to take the fetus. This problem is solved in family planning centers or directly with a gynecologist, who prescribes a number of laboratory tests to select effective therapy. It is immediately worth noting that saving the fetus is not a guarantee of its viability, since damage to the nerve fiber in a child during a Rhesus conflict is very serious, up to the development of mental retardation and multiple problems with the kidneys, liver, and metabolism.
Infectious diseases of a pregnant woman caused by specific and non-specific agents:
The specific ones include flu, hepatitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, appendicitis, rubella.
Non-specific include sexually transmitted infections.
Previous abortions. Fetal abortion is an emotional and physical shock for a woman, which has a number of negative consequences, such as infertility, sepsis or the inability to bear the next child, difficulties with conception. Therefore, in the event of an unplanned pregnancy, experts recommend resorting to this method of resolving the issue only in the most emergency cases.
Nervous strain. Lack of sufficient sleep, stress and frequent overwork at work contribute to a general decrease in immunity and a breakdown. In the process of bearing a child, these adverse factors can lead to fetal loss.
The presence of chronic diseases. If they are during pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage increases.
Abdominal injuries.
Sexual intercourse, especially unprotected. Sperm is a biologically active product that does not cause negative effects before pregnancy. After fertilization, it is a toxic substance that poisons the mother's body and, accordingly, harms the baby.
Pregnancy pathologies - placental abruption.
The presence of late histosis in a pregnant woman is a sharp jump in blood pressure, impaired kidney and gall bladder. This is evidenced by the appearance of protein in general urine tests and increased swelling of the upper and lower extremities.
Polyhydramnios.
Isthmic-cervical insufficiency. It is associated with a cervical injury with abortion, a recent miscarriage.
First signs of threat
The most likely sign of bearing problems is a sharp change in the well-being of a pregnant woman. If this fact is accompanied by the presence of other symptoms, for example, the appearance of secretions, bleeding or morphological pains in the lower abdomen, you should immediately contact your gynecologist at your place of residence or call an emergency doctor.
Pain
Pathological pains are in no way associated with the natural process of procreation. In other words, they are constant, have a pulling and cutting character, localized mainly in the lower abdomen. In more severe circumstances, they can be completely girdle and undamped, even after taking a strong pain medication. Pain occurs at any time with the threat of miscarriage and requires immediate treatment.
Body temperature
An increase in temperature can occur at any stage of pregnancy, and this is not always something terrible. But with a sharp jump in temperature (up to 38-39 ° C and above) or with a long (more than 2 days) thermal period, one should be wary. It is likely that an infection has entered the body, which can lead not only to miscarriage, but also to the development of multiple pathologies of pregnancy (including damage to the fetus).
Discharge
All medical specialists agree on one thing - there should be no discharge, especially in late pregnancy. If a woman notices any bloody, curdled or other blotches in her, it should be seen by a specialist. Since the presence of secretions indicates that there is a viral infection or inflammation of the internal organs that affect the health of the unborn baby.
Symptoms of a possible disaster
The most common symptoms of a miscarriage threat include:
- Pain They are localized in the lower abdomen or completely encircled. Their main difference from ordinary pain during bearing a child is spastic nature.
- The appearance of bloody discharge. They can be bright scarlet or dark with an abundance of clots. Such symptoms indicate placental abruption or endometriosis. If blood appears on underwear and a general deterioration in well-being, an ambulance should be called immediately.
- Watery discharge, reminiscent of enuresis. A constant flow of water or urine is a sign of excision of the walls of the fetal bladder. The waters in which the baby is located give him oxygen, which is vital until birth. If the amount of oxygen decreases, the baby is born prematurely or is born with multiple defects.
- Hypertonicity of the uterus. Increased muscle tone can be local (it is not dangerous) and extensive. It is extensive hypertension that leads to the appearance of multiple health problems in a pregnant woman and can be one of the reasons for spontaneous miscarriage. Occurs at any stage of pregnancy with the threat of miscarriage.
Threat in the first trimester (from the 1st to the 12th week)
The threat of miscarriage in early pregnancy occurs during the so-called critical periods: 1) 2-3 weeks, 2) 8-12 weeks. Abortion during these periods is due to:
- Inadequate production of the hormone progesterone.
- Female genital diseases.
- Severe or adverse working conditions of a pregnant woman.
- The inability of the fertilized egg to attach and begin embryo development.
- Structural features of the lower genital organs.
- Malnutrition.
- Professional reasons.
In order to eliminate the risk of losing a baby in the early stages of pregnancy, it is necessary to register with a gynecologist and follow all the recommendations of a specialist.
Threat in the second trimester (from the 13th to the 26th week)
A miscarriage in the second trimester is called “premature birth”, since all the organs and systems of the baby are formed and the fetus reaches a significant size.
Such an adverse outcome may result from:
- Viral or infectious infection.
- Injuries, including domestic ones.
- Exacerbations of latent diseases.
- Metabolic problems.
- As a result of the development of the Rhesus conflict.
- For other reasons, violating the placental exchange.
In order to eliminate the risk of losing a child in the later stages, including the formation of a “frozen pregnancy”, it is necessary to take all tests on time and attend a scheduled ultrasound examination. These data will be able to form a basic idea of the possible dangers and eliminate the risk of pathology.
Differences in miscarriage in earlier and later stages
The main differences between abortion in early and late pregnancy are the causes of this phenomenon, as well as the consequences to which it can lead:
1. Causes of an early miscarriage:
- Physiological.
- Hormonal
- Household.
2. At a later date:
- Infections
- Deviation development.
- Complex polyvalent diseases of a pregnant woman.
- Working conditions.
The most common consequences of a late miscarriage are:
- Inflammation of the uterus.
- Inability to bear the fetus.
- The development of diseases of the female genital organs.
- Impaired blood circulation.
- Sepsis.
Diagnostics
Diagnostic measures to identify pathologies that affect the fetus come down to taking an expanded set of laboratory tests and taking a smear to determine the microflora.
Laboratory research
All the necessary data to determine the condition of a pregnant woman can be obtained based on a study of venous blood. Namely:
- Hormone testing - progesterone, testosterone, estrogen.
- Analysis of the presence of antibodies to hCG.
- Extended map of possible infections. These include establishing the type of herpes virus (its absence), chlamydia, gonorrhea and others.
- A blood test for the level of thyroid hormones.
- Coagulogram - a blood sampling for the study of coagulation indicators.
- Blood sampling of the mother and father to determine the presence of specific antibodies that could be transmitted to the baby with DNA.
Microflora smear
A smear is a standardized research method that is familiar to many women. This diagnostic method is able to establish the presence of bacteria or other external agents in the body that can lead to a natural termination of pregnancy. It is imperative to undergo a microflora study at every visit to a gynecologist, regardless of overall well-being.
Ultrasound scan
An ultrasound examination is carried out exclusively for medical reasons (if there is a threat of miscarriage in the early stages or symptoms indicating it). Under no circumstances should this study be independently conducted by a paid specialist. If there is good reason to doubt the competence of the attending physician, you can contact the diagnostic center or any other medical institution for an additional examination.
In the event that the pathology is confirmed, doctors prescribe a hardware study at low frequencies to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the embryo.
Treatment
Treatment of pathological conditions during pregnancy is carried out strictly in a hospital. Doctors do not recommend outpatient (home-based) treatment.
Entering a medical facility (medical institution), the patient undergoes a repeated screening study, according to the results of which a comprehensive drug therapy is prescribed. If you have a miscarriage, you can:
- The introduction of antispasmodic drugs intramuscularly.
- Appointment of vitamins E, C.
- Hormone therapy.
- The use of drugs that improve blood supply and the transplacental barrier (Curantil, Duspatalin, Ditsinon, Etamsilat, Tranexam).
- Antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs.
- Soothing.
- Immunomodulators.
- High iron preparations.
"Dufaston" in case of a miscarriage is the first and irreplaceable remedy. This drug is a synthetic progesterone that is needed by a pregnant woman. The tool is produced in the form of tablets. This kind of hormone relaxes the uterus, thereby preventing the threat of miscarriage and symptoms in the early stages.
The dosage of the drug is prescribed by the doctor individually. The future mother's age, gestational age, and severity are taken into account.
This remedy is prescribed not only to prevent the threat of miscarriage in the early and late stages, but also to patients who cannot become pregnant.
In some cases, the drug must be taken throughout the pregnancy and strictly according to the specified scheme (taking into account the dosage, quantity, time between taking the tablets).
Folk remedies
The most effective and safe traditional medicine are:
- Decoction of dandelion. Cooking it is very simple. It is necessary to take 5 grams of a pharmacy product and pour it with 200 grams of distilled water. Boil the resulting mixture. Cool and consume after meals at least 3-4 times a day.
- Viburnum. The color and bark of viburnum are widely used in medical practice. Therefore, these components are among the most sparing products of nature. The preparation of medicinal tinctures and means for oral use is carried out without the use of third-party additives. The color or bark must be poured with boiled water and brought to a boil. After cooling and consuming 1-2 tablespoons at least 3 times a day on an empty stomach.
- Infusion of herbs. For the treatment of the inflammatory process, the color of St. John's wort and calendula are most often used. These components are mixed 1/1 and boiled over a fire for 5 minutes. After the broth has cooled, it is poured into a clean container and diluted with water to 2/3 of the volume. They drink such a medicine in half a glass in the morning and in the evening. Be sure to eat.
Useful Tips
In the event that there is a risk of natural termination of pregnancy in the early or late stages of pregnancy, it is necessary to observe a number of very important rules in order to save the baby and not harm their own health:
- You can not show increased physical activity.
- Drinking alcohol or smoking is strictly prohibited.
- Stressful situations and third-party experiences should be completely excluded from life until birth.
- It is strictly forbidden to have sex.
- Overheating, going to the sauna (bath) or lying in the bath is not recommended, even with normal rates.
- Coffee, chocolate, sweet desserts, rye bread, fast breakfasts (cereals, cereals, and others) are completely excluded from the diet.
- Medication is also strictly limited.
The threat of abortion is a very serious “bell” for all expectant mothers. Even with excellent health indicators and the absence of bad habits, no one is immune from the occurrence of a pathology that affects the whole future life and health of the mother (and possibly the child not only this, but also the next). Therefore, in order for the pregnancy to proceed normally, it is necessary to follow all the recommendations of the attending gynecologist and, at the first ailment, seek advice.