Computer technology allows us to work with significant efficiency. But how do they function at all? This helps a range of different instruments and devices. And one of them is a microprocessor. What it is? What are its functions? What characteristics does this device have? What is microprocessor architecture? What parameters depend on it?
What are microprocessors?
This is the name of the device, which is software-controlled. Its task is the processing and management of digital information. The microprocessor control should be small, but at the same time functional. A number of properties emerge from this, which we will now talk about. The microprocessor is implemented on (super) large integrated circuits ((C) LSI), which can be several pieces. Characteristic for them are:- Low cost (refers to mass production).
- Simplicity of manufacturing (on one technology);
- Takes up little space (a few square centimeters or even millimeters).
- They are highly reliable.
- Consume little power.
The microprocessor device significantly depends on the construction of its architecture. Further, this will be discussed and three types will be considered within the framework of the article.
Functions
This is why they are generally created. So, the microprocessor functions:- Read and decrypt the commands that come from the main memory.
- Accept and process requests from adapters for servicing external devices (WUs).
- Read data from RAM and WU registers.
- They create control signals with which they control other nodes and blocks of a personal computer.
- They process data and record them in RAM, as well as registers of external devices.
The main characteristics of the microprocessor
In total, there are four of them:
- Bit depth.
- Performance.
- Command system.
- The amount of addressable memory.
Microprocessor groups
They are distinguished by three:
- CISC. There is a complete set of teams.
- RISC. There is an abbreviated set of commands.
- MISC. There is a minimal set of commands, but they have a very high speed for this class of devices.
Microprocessors type CISC
They can work as part of a computer network. There is also the possibility of multitasking and memory protection. Microprocessors of this type can operate in two modes: protected and real. The first provides for multitasking and direct access to extended memory. In addition, it is protected from extraneous treatment. In real mode, the 8086 microprocessor is emulated and there is a single-task operation.
RISC microprocessors
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The architecture is important - the logical organization of the microprocessor, which determines its features, properties and the ability to build a computing system based on this device. There are three main types: CISC, RISC and MISC (if we talk about universal devices). So, they have several groups of registers, which work with varying degrees of advance. This allows you to perform operations literally "in pipelined mode." This has a positive effect on effective performance. The microprocessor of a computer usually serves only one device — say, a keyboard.
CISC Architecture
Complex Instruction Set Computer - comprehensive instructions for the computer. The characteristics of a microprocessor with this architecture are as follows:- , , .
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RISC
Reduced Instrucktion Set Computer – . :
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- But debugging programs on RISC is much more difficult than on CISC.
- It is not possible to use the same programs with CISC.
MISC Architecture
Multipurpose Instruction Set Computer - Multipurpose instructions for controlling a computer. It is an attempt to combine the advantages of CISC and RISC. Here, the elemental base is assembled from separate parts (which are often combined in one housing):- Main part. Based on RISC architecture.
- Expandable part. It contains a connected firmware firmware ROM.
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