The period of training and education of a preschooler is the foundation from which the personality of the child begins to form, the basis for building his successful future. The educational program for preschool children should cover three areas: mental development, moral and physical education.
The mental development of a preschooler
Determined by degree:
- possession of a pencil and brush;
- writing and reading skills;
- the ability to make a short retelling and memorize small verses;
- knowledge of numbers (in direct and reverse order), the ability to perform simple arithmetic operations;
- knowledge of basic geometric shapes;
- ability to determine the time;
- possession of initial ideas about the world.
Moral education
His future school life largely depends on how a child in a team of peers and adults knows how to behave. Therefore, the program of preschool education should be structured in such a way as not to lose sight of this aspect.
Physical training
As Dr. Komarovsky said: “A happy child is, above all, a healthy child. And only then - able to read and play the violin. " Therefore, children's educational programs are inconceivable without elements of physical culture.
Teaching children 2-3 years old
This age is characterized by an intensive acquaintance of the child with the world, the colors and shapes of objects, their sizes and textures. The kid is able to clearly express emotions, respond to his successes and failures, communicate with other children and adults. During this age period, you should not be zealous in teaching the child letters and numbers, since all this is for him incomprehensible hieroglyphs that do not cause any interest. Also, the effectiveness of learning foreign languages will be much higher at a later age.
The educational program for children should be aimed at understanding the world through the senses: vision, hearing, smell and touch. Scientists have proved that success in mastering reading skills directly depends on the ability to feel the world. The program of preschool education for children 2 and 3 years old is based on the development of fine motor skills. The fact is that the child’s fingers contain a large number of receptors that send impulses to areas of the brain that are simultaneously responsible for the coordination of finger movements and for the development of speech. Finger gymnastics, sorting out small items (safe, of course), playing with cubes and balls of various sizes, playing with scraps of fabrics of various textures, playing “lads”, “magpie-crow”, modeling from plasticine, and so on, are perfect for these purposes. Further.
It is worth paying due attention to physical exercises, accompanied by nursery rhymes and jokes. In general, any activity of a baby at this age should take place in a playful way - this is the most effective technique for him to know the world and learn at this stage of development.
Teaching children 4-5 years old
This age is perfect for gently starting teaching a child letters and numbers. Now the baby is already able to analyze the properties of objects, purposefully act on them, he is more calm, assiduous and better organized. If a child can play educational games enthusiastically for 10-15 minutes - go ahead! The age of 4-5 years is also ideal in order to give your child to some club or sports section. By this time, the physical development of the child’s musculoskeletal system allows him to successfully master the basics of swimming, choreography, martial arts, and so on.
If you notice a tendency toward linguistics in your child, studying a foreign language or attending a theater group will be an excellent solution for developing these abilities. Creative kids are perfect modeling, art, vocals. However, if the child still does not know how to focus his attention, consciously perform developmental tasks, is impatient and reacts violently to his own failures, you should wait a bit with reading and attending circles.
Joint craftsmanship will help learn to concentrate on the child. You should start with simple details so that the result is quick, gradually complicating the task. In the course of work, it is important to show the baby that any failure can be corrected. Learning the alphabet, numbers and animals can easily be entered into this process. With a little imagination, you can immediately kill several birds with one stone. For the development of fine motor skills, it is advisable to use exercises such as passing a pen through a maze, stroking and coloring pictures, weaving, sculpting, and much more.
Teaching children 6-7 years old
Modern physiologists, psychologists, teachers and speech therapists agree that this period is most favorable for the development of attention, perception, memory and thinking of a child. Physiologically, the baby is already ready for developmental education, and he has a desire to learn. That is why a six-year-old child is sometimes able to bring parents to a white heat with their many "why." Brushing off your inquisitive child or confining yourself to superficial answers is like depriving a tree of life-giving moisture. Therefore, be patient and find complete information to satisfy the curiosity of your baby. At this age, it is time to teach the child counting, writing, the ability to determine the time by the clock, explain to him the basics of geography and astronomy. The educational program for children of 6 years already provides for the transition to organized forms of classes.
The correct actions of parents
So, each child’s preschool education program should include game-exercises for the development of sensory perception (development of sensory organs), speech, mental activity, physical skills, the development of curiosity, as well as the formation of common elementary ideas about the world. All sorts of preschool education institutions help to solve this problem successfully. Kindergartens, preschool groups and specialized educational institutions not only use effective programs and unique methods for preparing children for school, but also have additional courses in their arsenal, for example, educational programs in English.
Undoubtedly, teaching a child in a team has a number of advantages over individual lessons: here, skills are developed for proper interaction with peers, discipline, the concept of responsibility, and the ability to resolve difficult situations are developed. Interactive training programs, as well as the work of psychologists, will undoubtedly help the child in the future to more easily adapt to new school conditions and quickly move to the “I am a schoolboy” position.
Of course, each baby is individual, and to achieve the desired results without outside help is also quite possible. If you have firmly decided that your independent studies with a child will be no worse than a training program for children in preschool educational institutions, just take into account the age-specific features of the psychology of the baby and adhere to certain rules.
Recommendations for parents
- Conduct training in a playful way and use every opportunity to do this: read to your child, talk, come up with games together, look for objects of the same color on a walk, show him interesting natural phenomena, maintain curiosity in your child, teach him to use time.
- Be sure to provide your child with peers. It should be systematic joint games in playgrounds, in the park, organizing competitions for kids, quizzes, relay races. All this will be the first child behavior skills within the team.
- Switching to teaching a child to read is only when his spoken language is sufficiently developed. Start again with game forms, gradually moving to more complex ones. Remember that in this matter, it is not so much the duration that matters, but the frequency and sequence of classes. Reading literature should correspond to the age and individual characteristics of the baby - read what he is interested in knowing about. If the child’s speech contains many errors in the syllabic structure of words or their coordination, has obvious pronunciation defects, then your initial task is to contact a speech therapist.
- In no case can you drastically transfer your child to school mode: deprive him of a quiet hour, arrange homework with notebooks, calls and changes. Everything that is provided by educational programs for schoolchildren is not only unnecessary in raising a preschooler, but can also do some harm - being forcefully involved in adulthood, a child can lose desire and interest in school life.