It is so customary in human society - communication between people occurs through colloquial speech, and in order to be understood, you need to have good diction, that is, a distinct and clear pronunciation.
The speech of a small child is very different from the speech of an adult, since the baby still has a lot to learn. In order for the child to develop and enrich the vocabulary, it is necessary to deal with it with the help of special exercises, play special games. Then it will be much easier for the child to express his desires and thoughts, it will be easier for him to communicate with peers and adults.
Success in learning also directly depends on how well the child hears and makes sounds, words - the better, the more literate he will write. Problems in the letter can be avoided if you contact a speech therapist in a timely manner, who will select the necessary tasks for classes with the baby.
Therefore, the sooner parents pay attention to the arising problems with the phonemic perception of their child, the better it will be for everyone, first of all, for the baby himself, who will not feel like an outcast among his peers, but will easily join the team.
Learning by playing
For the development of children's speech, special techniques for the development of phonemic perception, developed by speech therapists in conjunction with children's psychologists, are used.
Work with the child on the formation of sound pronunciation is carried out in a playful way. For this, teachers and practicing speech therapists have developed special games and exercises.
At the initial stages of this work on the development of phonemic perception, materials containing non-speech sounds are used, then all speech sounds related to the mother tongue are covered, moving from children already mastered to those that are not yet delivered and are not introduced into the child’s independent speech.
This work is very important, because children need to learn to listen to the speech of adults around them and to adopt the correct pronunciation from them.
Simultaneously with this work, classes are held with the child on the development of hearing, attention and memory, this will allow for the effective development of phonemic perception.
The development of children's speech. Stages
For the full formation of phonemic perception, work is being done on the sound culture of speech. It is divided into 6 stages of development of phonemic perception:
Stage 1: begins with the recognition of so-called non-speech sounds. They need to learn to recognize and distinguish, while developing auditory memory and auditory attention.
Stage 2: the teacher teaches the baby to distinguish pitch, strength, timbre of the voice with the help of games and exercises containing the same sounds, combinations of phrases, individual words.
Stage 3: a speech therapist will help you learn to distinguish words that are close in sound composition.
Stage 4: the teacher explains how to differentiate syllables.
Stage 5: the teacher teaches children to distinguish phonemes (sounds), explains that sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. First, vowel sounds are studied, then they go on to consonants.
Stage 6: the time has come to develop the skills of the simplest sound analysis, which involves the division of words into syllables. A speech therapist shows children how, using their hands, syllables are counted in pops and a stressed syllable is highlighted.
The stage continues with an analysis of vowels, then consonants, thus developing the phonemic perception and sound analysis.
In the preschool period, the foundation is laid for the development of the psyche of the child, speech, cognitive development. Therefore, the development of phonemic perception must take place sequentially.
Special developmental exercises
Exercise 1. You need to highlight a certain sound in the word.
The speech therapist tells the children what sound they will need to hear in the word and inform the teacher about it with a conditional signal (the signal is also negotiated in advance).
Then the teacher voices a few words, and the children analyze whether these words have the right sound (phoneme).
Exercise 2. You need to find out where the word is located in the desired sound.
The teacher calls the word, children determine the location of the sound: at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of the word. The task is complicated by the fact that the desired sound is found in one word more than once.
Exercise 3. You need to determine what sounds are next to the named letter: before or after it.
Children should tell what sounds and in what order are in the word named by the teacher.
Options:
- the teacher calls the sound, and the child calls what counts this sound is in the word: second, fourth or first and so on;
- the teacher voices the word, and the child must name, for example, the third sound.
Exercise 4. You need to determine how many sounds are in a given word. This exercise contributes to the faster development of phonemic perception in children.
Exercise 5. You need to make a word from the given letters.
The teacher makes the sounds in the desired sequence, and the child must make a word. The longer the pause between pronounced sounds, the more difficult the task.
Thus, passing through each stage of development of phonemic perception sequentially, the child improves his speech.
Methods and training systems
There are special developing methods, and all of them are aimed at solving the main task of speech therapy work to correct violations of sound pronunciation in children.
Any developmental technique includes the following steps:
- Perception of oral speech, help in the formation of phonemic perception.
- The education of the correct pronunciation (articulation) of sounds, brought to automatism in various conditions of pronunciation.
Speech therapists develop training systems and techniques for the development of speech, which:
- develop auditory attention;
- develop verbal hearing;
- develop phonemic hearing, making the work on the development of phonemic perception more systematic and convenient.
Before the teacher begins classes with children, he must explain to them that all the words that people say are made up of sounds. Simultaneously with the development of phonemic hearing and perception, the child’s vocabulary is intensively developed and the pronunciation is mastered correctly, for these purposes, scientists have developed special educational games and exercises.
In a letter, sound is called a letter. Letters can only be read or written; they cannot be heard. Each sound has its own letter. But some sounds have several images, that is, letters.
To understand everything, children need to learn to listen and hear sounds.
Application of techniques in working with children
How to learn to hear sounds?
The world around is full of various amazing sounds: everything that a person perceives and pronounces by a person or animals, birds are sounds. How many sounds can be distinguished by listening?
Children are invited to sit for a while very quietly to find out who hears what sounds.
Need to know the sound
Children sit with their backs to the teacher, you can not turn and peep.
Speech therapist using various objects creates various sounds and noises.
Children must guess what is happening: paper is torn, water is noisy, a pen falls to the floor, it rattles in a bowl of cereal, or the phone rings.
Sounds in a recording: how to distinguish them?
a) In the house:
- murmuring water in the kitchen;
- the clock is ticking;
- the refrigerator works;
- the vacuum cleaner is buzzing;
- the sound of steps is heard;
- someone rings the doorbell;
- someone closed the door.
b) Sounds of weather:
- noise of raindrops;
- thunder during a thunderstorm;
- howling wind, etc.
c) Street:
- beeps of cars;
- slamming car doors;
- cries and laughter of children;
- sparrow tweets.
Nice sound or not?
- classical music;
- pop music;
- car beeps;
- rattle of an alarm clock;
- creaking iron on glass;
- children's laughter;
- coughing.
Magic box
The teacher pre-stacks various items in any combination in a small box. Shaking the box, the teacher asks the children to determine what is there: a small ball, a glass ball, coins, buttons and beads, or something else.
Exercise “Lay out combinations, focusing on hearing”
Children should be taught sound-letter analysis and reading the merging of vowels.
Each child is given plastic letters: A, I, E.
The speech therapist offers the following combinations: [AI], [IA], [AE], [EA], [IE], [EI].
Children must lay out these syllables and read them, while they must name the first and second sounds.
Exercise "Divide words into syllables"
The skill of syllabic analysis of words is developing.
Description. Various pictures depicting household items are laid out on the magnetic board: knife, mug, table, chair, chest of drawers.
Children should examine the pictures, voice their names, then pop to show how many syllables in each word.
Exercises to develop the phonemic perception of preschoolers help them recognize sounds, distinguish one word from another and understand what sounds this word consists of.
Additional tasks
You need to find and name the right word
Pairs of sounds are used: "c-s", "t-d" and so on.
The speech therapist reads excerpts from children's verses or sentences with given pairs of sounds. Children should name only those words where there are named sounds.
Find the sound present in all words
The teacher names the words in which there is a certain sound:
- rustling, rustling, porridge, crumb (w);
- gesture, lark, rattle, guard (g);
- gull, barbel, lapwing, tussock (h);
- pinch, pike, horsetail (u);
- dew, tail, mowing (s);
- middle, string bag (s);
- rose, hare, goiter (s);
- prejudice, potion (s);
Children should name the sound repeating in all words, while indicating the location of the sound in the word. Children should be very careful when pronouncing soft and hard sounds.
It is necessary to name the first sound in the word
This game is offered:
Each child names his name and determines with what letter (sound) his name begins.
Then the children name the names of children they know, adults and say which letter is the first in these names, focusing on the hardness and softness of sounds.
Now you need to name the last sound in the word
Images of various objects are offered to children:
- car;
- tit;
- sofa;
- swan;
- moose and so on.
The teacher shows the kid the picture, the child must name what he sees on it and determine the last sound in the name of this subject. Also, the child should pay attention to the clarity of pronunciation, as well as the hardness and softness of consonants.
Games for the development of phonemic perception
Phonemic and lexical and grammatical representations are interconnected, since when carrying out work to develop children’s phonemic hearing, they are much better at mastering the ending of words, prefixes, cognates and less problems subsequently arise in writing. You need to pick up a word starting with the last sound of the word “elephant” (nose, knife, hole).
- You need to choose a word in which the first sound was “p”, and the last “k” (cancer, rock).
- You need to add a sound to get the word: “so” (juice, dream).
- We need to make a sentence in which all the words begin with the same letter, for example, “m” (Mila prevents Masha from washing the bowl).
- It is necessary to find objects in the room whose name contains a certain sound, for example, “a” (paper, mug, lampshade).
If you propose to find objects in the name of which the given sound is in a certain place (second, third or first), then the task will become more complicated.
Attention Development Game
The speech therapist arranges the children so that everyone sees each other, and gives specific commands, calling various animals and birds, for example: a bunny, a frog, a bird, a crab, a horse and so on.
Children must designate an animal or bird with a specific sound or movement by prior arrangement with the teacher.
The formation and development of phonemic perception
Phonemic perception is the child’s ability to perceive and understand the sound composition of a word. This ability naturally develops, forming gradually, and making it possible to understand the meaning of individual words, that is, phonemic hearing is a semantic hearing.
Children start to understand the basic sounds of their native language quite early, but due to the age-related features of the structure of the speech apparatus, some sounds cannot be pronounced correctly, although they know exactly how to pronounce them.
Pure speech is formed in children with good phonemic perception, because they clearly perceive all the sounds of native speech.
Children whose phonemic perception is underdeveloped for some reason, lame sound pronunciation, it is more difficult to understand speech, because it is difficult to distinguish sounds similar in sound, this negatively affects the formation of children's sound pronunciation, complicates the formation of sound analysis skills. Without these skills, complete reading and writing instruction is not possible. Therefore, the development of phonemic perception among preschoolers is of particular relevance and importance.
Preparation for school
Thus, for successful learning at school, the child must have a developed phonetic perception, that is, recognize and correctly differentiate all the sounds of the mother tongue.
But the child will learn to operate a complete phonemic analysis of words later, learning to read and write at school, because in colloquial speech no one uses the separation of words into sounds.
The school curriculum has a special period, before the start of learning directly to reading and writing, in which children are taught sound analysis.
This period is short-lived and for an unprepared child it will be very difficult to master the sound analysis of words, and without this skill problems in writing are inevitable.
Therefore, there is a need for the systematic preparation of children for the formed phonemic perception from preschool age to increase the level of literacy in the future.