All the foundations are laid in two periods: intrauterine and pre-school. This applies to psychological characteristics, and physiological. That is why the psychological and physical development of preschool children should be under the closest attention.
The development of preschoolers is strikingly different from development at a younger age. The first years, the baby’s body grows very intensively and relatively evenly. From the age of four, development slows down somewhat. Over the next three years, the increase in growth is on average about 15 cm, in weight - 5 kg. The indicators, of course, are standard and may vary slightly.
At this time, the physical development of children begins to gradually approach the body of an adult, allowing it to withstand higher loads in comparison with the early period. But too high loads, of course, are unacceptable. The musculoskeletal system is actively forming, when the natural bends in the spine are not yet completely formed and therefore have not consolidated. It is important not to ignore the posture, keeping it under constant observation. It is from this age that scoliosis, kyphosis, and other disorders begin to be detected.
There is an active process of ossification of the tissue of the cartilage, which is why it is necessary to be careful about the loads. And this applies especially to the lower extremities. Ligaments and muscles are still too weak for heavy loads. And taking into account the non-ossification of the cartilaginous tissue, incorrect physical education of children can lead to injuries and disorders that are dangerous at this age (for example, flat-footedness).
Significant differences in the muscular systems of preschoolers and adults account for faster fatigue and faster recovery from exercise. Monotonous and prolonged loads are not only not recommended, but also contraindicated. The physical development of children should be based on the inclusion of exercises for absolutely all muscle groups.
Fatigue is also explained by the peculiarity of the development of the cardiovascular system: the blood vessels are wider, the path of blood movement is shorter, and therefore the blood circulation speed is higher. With high loads, the child quickly becomes excited, the heart rate accelerates, the rhythms of contractions are disturbed. Hence fatigue. Moreover, it is difficult for a child’s body to cope with such energy leaps.
As for the nervous system, the processes of excitement in preschool children prevail on the processes of inhibition. That is why preschoolers are such fidgets. Their movements are fast, impulsive, and attention is unstable. The inaccuracy and disorder of the movements of the preschooler involves the movements of extra muscle groups in the work, hence the additional loads on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The physical development of children must be taken into account when planning physical activity and the general diet. Metabolism in preschool age is very high, therefore, for the proper general formation of the body, it is important to provide the child with good nutrition and long walks.
Preschoolers need physical activity, but they must be moderate. It is clear that it is rather difficult for inexperienced parents to find a limit in high and low loads corresponding to the age of their growing child. But taking into account the knowledge of quick fatigue and quick recovery characteristic of a preschooler, the physical development of children should be based on the most optimal variant for this age: short-term loads, breaks are frequent.
A good outlet would be sports sections, dances, a swimming pool. But it’s important not just to give up the child and leave, but to find a coach who understands these age-related features and has a specific program for working with preschoolers.
It is quite possible to engage in a quarrel with a child at home. Subject to simple, elementary and at the same time important rules.
The room must be ventilated. Temperature 22 ° C. At a lower temperature, the child can catch a cold, a higher temperature will give an additional and dangerous burden on the heart. Schedule your classes. Exercise at a specific time. In no case before bedtime. Start with lung exercises, gradually adding time and complicating exercises. All muscle groups should work.
Not everything will turn out. And not right away. Do not be nervous, do not put pressure on your child. Do not scold. Here you need not only time, but also patience. And remember: if the child is tired and does not feel well - stop exercising.