Yesterday, a cheerful little peanut built cakes in a sandbox and rolled cars on a rope, and today on his desktop there are already notebooks and textbooks, and a huge satchel is hanging behind his back.
The preschool child has turned into a young schoolboy. What are the age characteristics of primary school children, how to educate a student with mental retardation (ZPR), and what you need to pay special attention to when teaching a child with hearing impairment - all this will be discussed in this article. We will try to open the topic in as much detail as possible so that you have no questions left.
Age features of primary school children
Children of primary school age are children from 6 to 11 years old, the so-called primary school, from first to fourth grade. Many parents ask themselves: “At what age should the child be sent to school?” There is no single answer to this. One is ready and at 6 years to easily sit 40 minutes in the lesson, understand and remember everything, and the other at 8 years old will not be able to do this and already in the middle of the first lesson will lose all attention. Therefore, before making a decision about the beginning of a child's new, adult, school life, you should go through a medical-psychological-pedagogical commission (MPPC). In each kindergarten, this commission is held on the release of the kid from the preparatory group. But if the parents have even the slightest doubt about the advisability of the child attending school at 6-7 years old, then you should contact a clinical psychiatrist and neurologist. If these specialists are not in the clinic to which the baby is attached, then you have to go to the city neuropsychiatric dispensary.
Suitable age for first grade
At this age, a year for the development and maturation of the brain of a child is a very long time. Today's too energetic children should not cross the threshold of the school before 7 years old, and some, especially active ones, should be left in the kindergarten until 8. Let the kid feel harmonious in the classroom, and not break out with a cry from school, without understanding anything what the teacher explained there. Hurrying up with entering the first class, you can forever discourage the child from the desire to learn. Do not take this away from your baby, because the world of knowledge is exciting and interesting, open the door to it on time, do not rush, prepare both the child and yourself so that it doesn’t work out, as in that children's song: “Dad decides, and Vasya surrenders.”
So, the age characteristics of primary school children imply a large reserve of development. This means that with the beginning of a new life, all his conscious processes begin to be rebuilt at the young schoolboy, the child acquires qualities that are already characteristic of adults, because the student is included in a new activity for him. The child ties up interpersonal relationships, and all cognitive processes become stable and productive.
Do I need additional preparation for school
For the vast majority of children, attending the "preschool" school is highly recommended. But only those classes that will be held at the school in which the child will study in the future will have a positive effect. And the teacher who will become his class teacher. The teacher gets to know the children in advance, prepares the future students precisely for the training program that they will have throughout the elementary school, in a word, prepares the children “for themselves”. Children, in turn, get acquainted with a new person (their future class teacher), premises and rules.
Having gone to first grade after the "preschool school", the child already feels confident. He knows where his office is, how to get to the restroom, where the wardrobe and dining room are located. This extra confidence is very important for a little schoolboy. Usually classes are held a couple of times a week, in the evenings. Homework is not set, and such classes are free.
How can parents help a preschooler
In order to use the child’s existing reserves, it is necessary for parents to make every effort to quickly adapt the student and to direct the age-related characteristics of primary school children for the benefit of the student. Use his curiosity and thirst to learn new things for good.
Adults should translate all the games of a pre-school child into the mainstream: to teach attentiveness, to develop perseverance and self-control. Let there be more board games, they just develop all these qualities.
Mode for a young student
A strict regimen is essential for an elementary school student. Take whatman paper, paints, felt-tip pens and together with the child draw a wall newspaper. Call it “My Day” and write down the student’s entire weekday from rise to end. Do not forget to enter there time for games and relaxation.
Hang your own hand-made newspaper in a prominent place next to the child’s desk. Not far from it should be a clock by which the student will check his affairs.
There are some features of children of primary school age that will not make it easy and simple to comply with this regimen, prescribed in the wall newspaper "My Day".
The child may be capricious when lifting. Then just pick it up 10 minutes earlier. Let him lie in bed, stretch. You can lie down next to him and chat about the beginning of the day. The kid can become stubborn to do homework: parents should calmly but seriously talk with the child about strict adherence to the regime, there should be no threats, no blackmail, no bribery. Adults should be self-confident and always talk with a schoolboy on a positive wave.
First-grader training, or Who's in charge at school
Parents should understand that they are the main ones at home, and the teacher at school.
Features of primary school children are that the opinion of an adult is very important for them. And if the teacher says one thing at school, and at home the parents say exactly the opposite, then this very negatively affects his learning. He begins to not understand who is right and who to listen to.
If the parents do not agree with the requirements of the teacher, then in no case should this be discussed in the presence of the child. Talk with the school’s leadership, find a compromise with the class teacher, or rather just trust an experienced teacher who has many positive reviews. Before you send your child to school, talk with the parents of students who have previously studied with this teacher.
Features first graders
The age characteristics of primary school children, briefly listed below, will help parents orient themselves:
- The opinion of the elders is important for the child, so the requirements of the teacher and parents must match.
- First-grader, like a sponge, absorbs everything that happens around him, so be careful in your statements. Walked on the IQ of the seller from that store? Already tomorrow he will respond with the same words about his classmate.
- The child began a new, adult, school life in which everything changes at lightning speed, so constantly talk with the student, because if a problem starts to loom, it is easier to solve it at the very beginning.
- Allow the child to choose extracurricular activities on his own, do not drive a football player to the art school, this will not bring any positive results.
- Show by your own example that learning is great, read books together, watch scientific and educational programs, visit museums and exhibitions.
Consider the features of primary school children. The table will help to visually show the day of a little schoolboy.
| Occupation | night sleep | daytime sleep | school lessons | execution d / s | walks |
| Time | 9 hours | 1 hour | 4 hours | 30 minutes | 1 hour |
Features of children with ZPR
Features of children of primary school age with ZPR are that functions such as memory, perception, thinking, speech, imagination, attention, etc., are either partially or completely impaired. A child cannot concentrate on the subject being studied, or learning is simply not interesting to him, although it is not interesting to him just because he does not succeed, and he does not see the point of writing parallel sticks, no matter how much he tries to write them, they are all not the same as in the sample.
Let's see what adults can do for a student with a mental retardation. The features of primary school children, summarized below, will help parents attract the attention of the child:
- It’s difficult for a student to concentrate on what they are told, therefore, explaining something, mom can make up her lips with bright red lipstick and give an articulating speech. As soon as the child is distracted, say: look at my mouth. Since it will stand out very much on the face, it is easier for the student to see and hear again.
- Bright nails work on the same principle when something needs to be shown. By tapping on the part of the text displayed on the page, an adult will quickly attract attention (here you can also include a bright pointer).
- You need to speak loudly, slowly and clearly.
- An adult should switch attention: tell me in words, then draw it on a piece of paper, then play a sketch, then explain everything all over again. Sometimes you have to make 3-4 such circles of explanation.
- If the child at the time of explanation shakes his foot (gnaws a pencil, tears paper into strips, etc.), don’t stop, that’s what helps him focus on what is explained to him, that’s their peculiarity.
Children with ZPR have no visual impairment, musculoskeletal system, or hearing impairment. Usually there are no severe speech and intelligence disorders. The age-related features of primary school children with ZPR are in reduced working capacity and lack of motivation, which adults should work on.
Features of hearing impaired children
Hearing impairment entails secondary deviations, first of all, speech development is delayed, which, in turn, reduces the amount of information received. Changes in coordination and difficulties in orienting in space are also noted. Features of children of primary school age with hearing impairment affect the physical qualities of the child. Pathological hearing impairments alter the vestibular apparatus, therefore physical education and other physical activity are very important in the education of such children .
The age-related features of children of primary school age 7–9 years with hearing impairment are the slow and uneven development of objective activity. These children often do not cope with tasks in which you need to use any additional subject, they perform them directly, without the help of this tool. Help the child understand the essence, show by your own example.
Hard of hearing children are given tasks that require analysis and generalization. It is difficult for them to recognize their own emotions and even more difficult for them to describe them. This leads to problems such as anxiety, isolation and aggressiveness.
Having taught a hearing impaired child emotional stability, you can help him in interpersonal relationships and adaptation in society.
Sneaky. Primary school pedagogy
Both the teachers of primary school and the parents of first-graders will be interested in the works of Ivan Pavlovich Podlasov, in which he talks about the upbringing, formation and training of children.
Age characteristics of primary school children Podlasiy sees in the socialization and adaptation of children to a new, adult, school life. This requires the connection of teachers and parents, their desire to pass on their experience to children, to form a holistic personality, capable of self-knowledge and self-improvement.
The development of the child depends on both internal (body properties) and external (human environment) conditions. By creating a favorable external environment, you can help overcome internal instability. It is also necessary to take into account the age characteristics of primary school children.
A table that briefly describes the theory of pedagogy of Podlasov Elementary School:
| Pedagogy | Education, training and learning science |
| Subject of pedagogy | Development and formation of a holistic personality of a student |
| Pedagogy functions | Formation of tasks and goals of education |
| Tasks of pedagogy | Generalization and systematization of knowledge about education and training |
| Basic concepts | Education - the transfer of experience to the younger generation, the formation of moral values Learning is a process of interaction between students and teachers aimed at the development of students Education is a system of ways of thinking, knowledge and skills that a student has mastered in the learning process Development - changing the qualitative and quantitative processes of a student Formation - the process of evolution of a child under the supervision of a teacher |
| Pedagogical trends | Humanistic and authoritarian |
| Research methods | Empirical and theoretical |
The main thing to note is that you love your children, praise them for every victory, help overcome difficulties, and then the cute baby will turn into an educated, educated and happy adult.