Pension system of Russia. Among the state social funds, the most significant is the off-budget fund, from which pensions are paid. In Soviet times, the so-called distribution pension system operated, which provided for payments to pensioners at the expense of the current income of workers. This means that the pension system was based on the principle of generational solidarity, that is, pensions were paid from the contributions of those who worked in the national economy. In a market economy, pension reform has been carried out . It provides for the creation of a new pension system.
Basic labor pensions form one level, which are provided to all citizens who have reached the age of retirement; disabled people who are provided with the necessary material conditions; dependents left without material support. The second level is insurance labor pensions, they are provided for all people employed. The third level is the funded part of the pension, which should make it possible to achieve a higher standard of living. Such a system does not depend on the number of employees and retirees, allows you to increase the amount of payments (since the funded part of the pension is used for this), ensures the growth of long-term investments in the economy at the expense of accumulated funds.
Pension fund incomes are generated by insurance contributions, taxes, income from temporary placement of free funds in bank accounts, income from the use of property, etc. The accumulative part of the pension is placed in the individual accounts of pensioners. Non-state pension funds have been created to increase competition. Not all pensioners have savings. To date, there are approximately 500 thousand. The funded part of the pension is accrued from 2005.
Citizens are given the right to decide where to store their savings. People with savings in their pension fund accounts begin to retire. Many people wonder how to get the funded part of the pension. It is expected that in 2012 it can be received by those who transferred money to pension funds owned by private individuals. However, as early as next year, it is planned to pay the funded part of the pension from the well-known state pension fund. Currently, the press is actively discussing the extension of the retirement period. The fact is that the pension system still remains distributive, only slightly modernized. In our country, there are now 75 million workers and 88 million retirees. Aggravation expected. The share of the disabled population is approximately one fifth of the total number of inhabitants, by 2020 it will be equal to 25%, and by 2030 30%.
Even in 2011, PFR expenditures exceeded revenues by one trillion rubles, and this year (2012) the excess will amount to 1.75 trillion rubles. This situation could be called a disaster, if not for sky-high oil prices. Some senior officials believe that earlier retirement will help solve the problem. But according to generally accepted estimates, the savings of the FIU from this increase will amount to 80–90 billion rubles, which is not comparable with the deficit.
One could take the path of paying the insurance and basic part of the pension only to non-working pensioners. Due to the low standard of living, many millions of pensioners work in the workplace, therefore, they could receive a lower pension. However, the government is unlikely to decide on this reduction, since pension and salary barely allow pensioners to approach income in the middle class.
Many economists believe that it is necessary to change the sources of the formation of FIUs by crediting rental payments there, and tighten control over the actual use of funds in order to prevent their plunder. But the main resource for filling the income part of the pension fund is the organization of new industries and the involvement of youth in active work.