What if the technique works at different "levels"? When does she “speak” in various languages? It would be difficult to achieve a constructive implementation of the functional, if not for useful additions.
What is a controller?
This is the name of an electronic device that is used to connect various peripheral devices to the computer's main lines , which differ in their interface, operating principle, and design. By semantic meaning, the word “adapter” is suitable for the controller. Speaking of them, we can say that their purpose is the same. But the controller is still called more complex devices. Under it is understood devices that can perform independent actions after commands have been received from the program that is engaged in their maintenance. So, as part of a complex controller may be its own processor. But if viewed from the point of view of the average user, then these concepts are indistinguishable and can be considered synonyms. Here is what a controller is.Additional
Why is it necessary to use controllers other than the already specified mediation? The presence of such devices can reduce the load that falls on the central processor. Thanks to this, system performance is significantly increased. The mechanism of such assistance is that the controllers free the computer central processors from the slowest operations of input or output of information. For the first time, the idea of using special intelligent circuits that will unload the CPU was realized in the third generation of electronic computers of collective use І-360. In the Soviet Union there was a specific analogue of EU computers. By the advent of the fourth generation, a technological opportunity arose to collect a control system within a single crystal. Thus, the first microcontrollers appeared.
What is included in it
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How does the controller work with a personal computer? This requires the presence in its RAM of the corresponding program and data. They get here from various devices, such as keyboards, disks, mice. Usually the term “external” is used to refer to them. Although for the sake of fairness it should be noted that some of them (such as a drive) are located inside the system unit of the computer. The result of processing by an electronic computer is also displayed on external devices such as a printer, disks, flash drives and a monitor. Summing up, we can say that for the full-fledged operation of a personal computer, data exchange must be present. It is called input / output. In order for the data exchange to fulfill the functions assigned to it, two links must work:
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Now a little about the schemes. The fact is that something one universal and recognized does not exist. This is due to the fact that controllers exist for different purposes, and they must perform different functions. It is because of this that one does not have to talk about their universality. Just think about how the monitor controller can make the printer work if it does not have the necessary hardware component. Therefore, within the framework of the article, several samples are still posted, but they are shown here more for educational purposes in order to have an idea of how these devices are designed. But the controller circuit for each specific case should be selected separately.Conclusion
So, we examined what a controller is. As you can see, they play a fairly significant role in improving technical systems such as computers. Of course, you can do without them, but then you have to talk about significant difficulties and a drop in production capacity. Although, if you look at each controller individually, the first question may arise as to how such weak devices can help. Indeed, most of them have insignificant characteristics, which can be units of megabytes or even kilobytes. That is, they can perform even just a few tens of thousands of operations per second! But believe me, if these tasks were transferred to the central processor, it would have spent much more due to the complexity of the organization.