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Protocol stack TCP / IP: structure, layers, configuration. Internet protocols

TCP/IP. . - . , . , « TCP/IP ». , , .

TCP/IP

TCP/IP - , . . , .

TCP/IP 4 :

  1. (Link).
  2. (Internet).
  3. (Transport).
  4. (Application).
Device Interoperability in the TCP / IP Protocol Stack




, , . .





:

  • HTTP;
  • FTP;
  • SMTP;
  • DNS.

.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) . , , HTML, -. « – ». , , .

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . , .

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) . SMTP- :

  1. . .
  2. . .
  3. . . , .

(Header)

Headers on the TCP / IP stack




. , . , , , . , .





, , , . .

, . , , .

:

  • TCP;
  • UDP.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - . . , . , « » .

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - . . . , .

TCP UDP?

. .

UDP . TCP , UDP , , .

. . , , .

UDP , , . , – .

, TCP . . , .

. IP MAC- .

IP- (Internet Protocol address) – . . : [192.168.33.4].

MAC- (Media Access Control address) – . . . . : [08-00-27-AB-0E-25].

:

  • .
  • .
  • .

- . .

– IP.

IP (Internet Protocol) - -, . , . . TCP, IP . , TCP/IP.

IP-

Private and public IP addresses




IP-:

  1. .
  2. .

(Public) . – . – , IP- . .

(Private) . . – . IP-.

, , , IP-. , , , IP-.

IPv4

-. IPv6. - , . . - 32 . , IP-, IPv4.

: [192.168.7.2/24].

IPv6

. - 128 .

, IPv6 – IPv4. 80- . , 2007-2009 , IPv6 « ».

IPv6 – -. - , . . , , - , IPv4.

: [4003:0af3:06s8:11f3:8b4e:09d8:623b:d34f].

IPv6-:

  1. Unicast.
  2. Anycast.
  3. Multicast.

Unicast – IPv6. , .

Anycast IPv6-. . .

Multicast . , , . broadcast, « », multicast .

IP- .

, IP- [192.168.38.2] [255.255.255.0]. [192.168.38.2/24]. «24» – . , .

, [255.255.255.0] : [11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000]. , «1» «0». , «24». , , – 8 . , , [8+8+8+0] «24».

, , . , , .

Subnet Mask Classification




. IP- [192.168.46.2] [255.255.255.0]. : [192.168.46.2/24]. IP-. , (255) IP- . (0), IP- . , [192.168.46.0].

. , , . IP-.

– ( ). IP- . : [192.168.15.2/24]. - , [0.0.0.2]. .

IP Address Structure




– 0 255. «0» , , . «255» .

TCP / IP Stack Interoperability




TCP/IP :

  1. .
  2. .
  3. .

MAC-. , , Ethernet. TCP/IP «» , .

TCP/IP IP-. . , , .

– - . - IP-. , . , , , «». , .

. (.org, .net) - . - (.us, .ru). , , .

– . .

Domain name




, "www.test.quiz.sg" – , «sg» - () , «quiz.sg» - , «test.quiz.sg» - . DNS-.

DNS (Domain Name System) IP-. DNS IP- . -.

, . . .

:

  1. Ethernet.
  2. WLAN.

Ethernet – .

WLAN – . . – Wi-Fi.

TCP/IP IPv4-

IPv4- .

TCP/IP IPv4- ipconfig/all .

Ipconfig / all output




, IPv4 , . .

Manual TCP / IPv4 Configuration




TCP/IP IPv4-

IPv4- - , , . .

TCP/IP IP- , IPv4 , .

Automatically configure TCP / IPv4




:

  • Simplex.
  • Half-duplex.
  • Full Duplex.

Simplex – . , . , .

Simplex communication




:

  • .
  • GPS.

Half-duplex – . . . . , . .

Half-duplex communication




- .

Full Duplex – . . . Fast Ethernet .

Duplex (Full Duplex) communication




- .

TCP/IP vs OSI

OSI . TCP/IP . TCP/IP 7 :

  1. (Physical).
  2. (Data Link).
  3. (Network).
  4. (Transport).
  5. (Session).
  6. (Presentation).
  7. (Application).

, .

Correspondence between TCP / IP protocol stack and OSI model




TCP/IP OSI. , . TCP/IP .

. .

. .

The link layer in TCP / IP corresponds to the last two OSI layers. The data link layer establishes protocols for transmitting data through the physical medium.

Physical is a physical connection itself - wires, cables, electrical signals, connectors, etc. In the TCP / IP protocol stack, it was decided to combine these two layers into one, since they both work with the physical environment.



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