The development of speech of preschoolers is considered a rather lengthy and voluminous process. At the same time, it is very important to look for precisely those topics that will interest him. With the right approach from adults, the baby will gladly begin to share his emotions, impressions and stories.
Preparatory stage
The development of speech in preschool age begins even before the year. In the period from birth to 12 months, the formation of the vocal apparatus occurs, as well as its preparation for the correct articulate pronunciation.
Thanks to screaming and crying, the baby is trying to convey its needs. Moms can determine when crying is caused by negative emotions, and when, on the contrary, it is accompanied by joy and greeting.
Walking occurs between two and seven months of age. It is considered to be the first talk of the baby. The baby can already combine vowels and consonants, for example, “agu”, “abu”. The most incredible thing is that by the nature of the humming and intonation, you can guess what nationality the child belongs to. After all, a child at this age is already peculiar to master the emotional specificity of native speech.
The next leap in speech development is babble. It starts from the fourth month. It can be noted that repeated syllables are already becoming emotional. Anterior lingual and labial consonants appear, for example, “ma-ma-ma”.
The first words the baby can begin to speak at the age of 11 to 12 months. Of course, these are exceptionally short and simple words (am, yum, mom, give). But the baby uses them with understanding, and sometimes even accompanies pronunciation with gestures.
Upon reaching one year of age, children master the stressed and last syllables. And the pronunciation of most words can be called quite legible and understandable.
Initial mastery of speech
The main development of speech of children of primary preschool age falls on the period from one to three years and has a number of features.
Before starting to speak independently, the child learns to understand the speech of the people around him. The norm is considered to be when a child at the age of one and a half years has several basic words in the vocabulary, such as: dad, mom, give, aunt, uncle. An example to follow crumbs in everything are parents and loved ones. Therefore, it is very important to comment on everything that you do. It’s already common for a child to understand and remember important information.
At the age of about 1.5 years, babies still cannot generalize words. Therefore, the word “yum” can mean not only a desire to eat, but also a request to hold a spoon or try to eat on your own. Also, children of this age tend to drop endings. You have probably noticed that the child pronounces some words, as if trying to ignore some syllables or letters. No need to worry about this until such defects are considered normal. Over time, the child will learn to pronounce sounds and words correctly. In the meantime, the task of parents is to explain to the child how to do it right.
The process of development of speech in preschool age should be accompanied by frequent conversations with the baby. Moreover, it is very important to use gestures during the story or explanation. It is very important for the baby to follow the facial expressions, pronunciation and emotional component. Show and name objects that come into your sight. While walking, talk about nature, dogs, cats and birds, which you can see regularly. Such events are not only remembered by the child, but also provide significant assistance in the development of the speech apparatus.
Upon reaching the age of two, children can easily distinguish intonations. Therefore, it is very important when reading a fairy tale to change the timbre of the voice. For example, the bear speaks in bass, and the mouse quietly squeaks with a thin little voice. Kids like this role-playing accompaniment. Moreover, it’s easier for them to understand what is happening in the story.
The development of speech of children of primary preschool age after two and a half years is accompanied by the ability to speak phrases. Usually sentences consist of 2-3 words. He masters the pattern in the coordination of various words among themselves. Already able to understand the difference between singular and plural. The kid begins to actively use a certain system of perception, which becomes the main foundation for moving to the next stage of speech development.
From 3 to 7 years
The development of coherent speech in preschool children falls on a period of three years. At this age, the baby can easily describe the subject and even build a small description regarding the picture in the book. Parents in this period of time is very important to answer all questions of the child. And there will be a lot of them. In addition, you can already use role-playing games with the help of toys. This interaction has a positive effect on the development of speech in preschool age.
At 4-5 years old, it is considered to be the norm when the story or description of the subject is understood not only by parents, but also by people around them. Moreover, the child speaks not only with sentences, but also knows how to imitate the voices of different animals.
Despite the fact that the number of new phrases and words constantly falls upon the child, he easily distributes them and classifies them according to the necessary criteria. So his vocabulary is formed. The speech of the child at this age is formed quite simply.
Interesting fact! As a linguist, K. I. Chukovsky determined why children tend to create new special children's dialects every minute. And it turned out that kids create such neologisms is not accidental. They sort words by logical meaning, following grammar rules. As a result, we can hear how crackers become “crackers” thanks to the semantic understanding of the meaning of the word “bite”. A dog with long hair can be called "shaggy" in children.
Stimulation
Features of the development of speech of preschool children are directly dependent on their environment. After all, it is from their near and dear ones that they learn their first words. It is very important during this period to present the child with information with the correct and clear soundtrack.
Therefore, experts say how important it is to talk with the baby as often and as much as possible. There are a huge number of beautiful books with vivid drawings and children's cards. Thanks to such auxiliary tools, it is possible to stimulate the development of speech in preschool age. Any pictures can be discussed with the child. It is not necessary to read the description or text nearby. Let the child dream up. Let him tell what he sees. If the baby does not make contact, then try to start first.
The developmental psychology of children confirms the fact that speech is continuously associated with the fine motor skills of the child. This conclusion is based on the knowledge that the speech and motor centers of the brain are located nearby. Therefore, it is very important to use finger games during the period of speech development. The most popular are modeling and drawing with fingers using special paints. No less good occupation is considered to be sorting out cereals, buttons and other details. Let the kid sort them by color and size.
When it's time to worry
The development of speech at a young preschool age does not always go smoothly. Assessment of the abilities of crumbs can be put up at the age of one year. It is worth starting to worry if the baby at this age does not respond to sounds and can not pronounce them on their own. Normally, a child at the age of 12 months should actively use gestures in communication (wave a pen, point with a finger, etc.).
With proper development, a baby from the age of 1.5 years easily imitates the sounds of animals (meow, woof, moo, be, me), and also easily accepts and understands requests.
Upon reaching the age of two, parents should easily understand at least half the words a child pronounces.
And it is precisely at the age of two years that the psychological and pedagogical commission in a preschool educational institution can diagnose a child with delayed speech development. It is important to understand that this is not a sentence, and most often such a diagnosis is removed by 4-5 years. More recently, it was customary to put ZRR to all two-year-olds with a vocabulary of less than 200 words. Today, these figures have decreased significantly. And a child of this age is enough to say about 50 words, including onomatopoeia and babble. And also the normal development of children is evidenced by the ability to formulate two-component constructions.
Remember that the role of speech development in preschool is not exaggerated. That is why it is important to follow the basic rules. Remember that you should not leave the TV working continuously in the room where the baby spends the most time. Such a sound background is not useful, but only prevents the baby from developing communication skills. In addition, extraneous sounds and noise prevent the child from talking. Since instead of activating his own speech, he has to be involved in the listening process.
Methods for the development of speech of preschool children
Visual modeling is considered an effective way to correct speech in children. Thanks to this technique, the child begins to present abstract phenomena associated with words and sounds. It is this approach that greatly facilitates the understanding of the process for the child.
The essence of this tool for the development of speech of preschool children is to demonstrate the properties of the object under discussion. Suppose a speech therapist is working with a child, aimed at correcting a violation of the syllabic component. To do this, he can engage the child in a game called the Pyramid. Its essence is that it is necessary to understand in what order the pictures should be arranged in relation to the rings, and to do this in practice. Suppose the bottom ring contains words with one syllable, the middle includes words with two syllables, and the third ring contains words from three syllables.
Finger massage
The development of speech in preschool age is directly related to fine motor skills. Coloring, mosaic and feeling of textured objects have a positive effect on the baby's handles.
The formation of conversational skill is carried out under the influence of motor impulses, which are transmitted from the fingertips. Accordingly, the more the child is busy playing with small figures, the more likely it is that he will soon speak well.
Theater and Rhetoric
Methods for developing speech in preschool children are based on a variety of games. An important aspect in this case is considered to be the return on the child. That is, if the baby is not interested in the process, then the result should not be expected.
In the process of a game aimed at playing fairy tales, stories or stories, the baby develops the ability to sequentially list events, keeping this information in mind. When children compose scripts for puppet shows on their own, they learn to create a plot that is built on the plot, exposure, development, climax and denouement. According to this sequence of events, both introduction and speech can be arranged.
An equally attractive way is the development of speech of preschool children through retelling. These can be well-known fairy tales and stories that can be taken as the basis of the script for the play.
Choosing fairy tales, kids learn to understand the themes of texts, as well as choose and organize the material presented. In addition, they actively edit their knowledge using their additions. They easily convey the emotional component of their hero and change the tone of voice to each of the characters.
A puppet theater for a child can be made independently, or you can purchase a ready-made set in a children's store. Such educational toys are developed based on the recommendations of well-known child psychologists. The most interesting are finger characters. The child actively uses fine motor skills during the game. The development of speech of older preschool children can be accompanied by a puppet theater with toys that are worn on hands, especially since many children aged five can read on their own. A set is almost always supplemented by a book with bright pictures. The stories and tales written in it can be safely taken as the basis of the script. Of course, it will not be out of place to invite the child to dream up and make his own adjustments to the script. Give him the opportunity to reflect and make decisions about what he would correct in this story.
Speech Therapy Massage
When parents have the goal of developing the speech of preschool children, then a lot of techniques and methods are used. Speech therapy massage is considered one of the most popular. Typically, such manipulation in most people is associated with a therapeutic effect. But it should be noted that massage has a direct effect on the activity of the brain. It tones the central nervous system, and also strengthens the nerve connections between the brain and muscles with blood vessels.
Methods have been developed that positively affect the memory, analytics and thinking of the human brain, as well as speech.
An experiment was conducted on the development of coherent speech in older preschool children. For eight months they underwent a special massage course. And after 21 days, excellent changes in brain activity in most children were noticed. Children have more interests and hobbies. In general, the result of this experiment showed an increase in mental abilities of 75%.
In total, 6 massage courses were conducted. Each of them consisted of 10 sessions and took no more than 10 minutes. Moreover, the child will be able to repeat this massage over time on his own.
Ten rules for dealing with children in the family
Means of development of speech of preschool children are based on simple nuances.
Rule number 1.
When talking with a child, you should not immediately answer him a question. Let your baby think about it on his own. If this approach does not cause action in the crumbs, then dream along with it.
With the help of such a learning tool, the child learns to clearly express his own thoughts, to reason logically and to defend his point of view. If it’s difficult for the baby to express his thoughts, then do some small tips.
Rule number 2.
Features of the development of speech of preschool children can sometimes be associated with unwillingness to talk. And most often they prefer to communicate with gestures. In this case, parents must use the “I do not understand you” technique. Moreover, its action should be carried out in a provocative situation.
Most often, children are too lazy to talk when they see that their parents already understand them, and all their desires are fulfilled with half a gesture or a single word. As soon as an important situation is created, and the baby does not particularly try to convey the necessary information to the parents, it is necessary to use this technique. Try to approach the process delicately. In no case should not offend or humiliate the baby.
Consider how to not. Suppose you put some apples on a saucer. The child comes up and points to the fruit. You begin to ask the child: "What do you want?" And clearly let him know that you don’t understand him at all. The baby is annoyed, begins to cry or scream.
As a result, what comes out? From the side of the child, the situation is as follows: only apples are in the saucer. There is nothing else. It is clear that the child wants an apple. Why does mom pretend she doesn’t understand?
Therefore, to properly solve the situation, you need to put different fruits in the saucer. And in response to the baby’s pointing gesture, you can ask: “Do you want a peach? Yes? Not? Banana? Say yes or no?". If the baby is still trying to point with a gesture, then let him know that you are confused and do not understand what he is asking. Wait for an answer! Such situations very well stimulate the development of children's speech. Moreover, the child will not cry and scandal, but will try his best to explain what he wants.
Rule number 3.
It is very important to use speech games. Suppose you compare similar things. For example, ask a child about how your things differ. It can be color, the presence of locks, buttons, zippers and other things. Children are very interested in such details, and they eagerly discuss them.
On the street, you can ask the baby to find a small red flower, a small tree and more. During the walk, the child will focus on small things and talk about them, thereby developing speech.
A game of hide and seek with toys.It is necessary to place several animals, dolls, etc. on the floor. Ask the child to turn away, explaining that by now you will hide the toy. The point is that the child will need to say which toy is missing.
Nice fun on the development of colloquial speech - diminutive names. On the road or on a walk, you should invite the child to call everything that he sees affectionately. For example, a store is a store, a cat is a kitty, the sun is a sun, etc.
To learn colors, a child can be stimulated. Get little sweet jelly beans for kids in a variety of colors. And invite the child to guess the shade, and for the correct answer you can eat the guessed candy.
In teaching children, their interest is very important. Otherwise, if they are not involved in the process, then all efforts will be in vain.
Rule number 4.
The development of coherent speech in preschool age requires high activity from both a child and an adult. If we want to develop the baby’s speech, then he should speak mainly, not his parents. On one of your proposals should be five from the child. If, during a conversation, a mother or a caregiver speaks five times more in a garden, then speech does not develop in children, but in adults.
It is important to understand that development takes place exclusively in practice. That is why such classes are very important. Try to select such tasks for the child that require the most detailed answer and reasoning, as well as upholding personal opinions.
It is necessary to ask questions regarding the interests of the baby so that he can explain in detail why he likes this particular time of the year, this animal, etc. Or you should show an image and ask the baby to tell about what he sees in the picture.
Many children from an early age begin to learn rhymes, and they really like this activity. By training memory in this way, kids replenish their vocabulary much faster.
Rule number 5.
The development of coherent speech in preschool children should be based on a beautiful, understandable, clear and logical pronunciation. Therefore, when talking with a child, you must observe the correct intonation, speak slowly and pause so that the baby has the opportunity to comment on something on this topic.
The search for new approaches in teaching speech is a must. It is from parents that the quality of the baby's speech depends. Therefore, try to find a communication system that is suitable specifically for your child by age and temperament. And excellent results will not keep you waiting.
Many parents admit that after they changed the pace of the conversation to a slow, but at the same time emotional, children became more involved in the communication process. At first it will be difficult to speak at a leisurely pace, but in a few days this approach will become commonplace. And the child will notice that the conversation is focused on him and they want to hear his opinion. Children, who were mostly silent, begin to actively talk and comment on what is happening.
Rule number 6.
The tasks of developing the speech of preschool children by parents are to constantly explain and comment on what is happening. You can start stories about the world, nature, objects from the first days of a crumb's life. Thus, you enrich your child’s vocabulary and prepare the foundation for the development of speech.
With older children, you can use games that are involved in the conversational component.
Rule number 7.
When teaching a child, do not forget about the existence of self-education. The development of speech in preschool children should include knowledge that the child will discover independently.
Parents are inherent to conduct the educational process with the child on the principle of memorization. If you require your baby to remember things like “This is a bus, remember! And this is a car, this is a tram, and this is a train! ”, Then you will not use its intellectual potential. It simply remembers the word, phrase or image in the picture. Therefore, if you show him a toy car at home, and then a car on the street and ask him: “Is this a transport?”, Then, most likely, he will be confused. After all, the baby remembered only the names, and he simply did not catch the meaning of objects and signs.
Therefore, start applying differences games from an early age. Let the child learn to reason. Put several objects in front of him and ask what they are like and what are different. Most often, children from 2 years old who know the colors tend to answer questions about the differences based on information about the shade of the subject. For example: “What apple?”, First of all the answer follows: “Red”. Therefore, in such a situation, it is important to ask leading questions. After all, the apple is still juicy, sweet and round.
Rule number 8.
The development of speech of middle preschool age should be accompanied by writing letters. Invite your child to play a game, for example, write a letter to Santa Claus or your favorite fairy-tale character. Explain to him that he will dictate the text, and you will write down. And then you send it to his beloved friend. With this approach, the baby has a sense of pause, and he begins to think about what and how to write. In such a game, the syntax of speech perfectly develops, thanks to which the baby learns to logically build sentences and select words in accordance with the meaning.
If you notice that the child cannot begin to build the text on his own, then invite him to write about what he did yesterday, or about his favorite hobbies.
If the baby during the dictation repeats the same word several times, then explain to him that the text will turn out ugly, so the often repeated word should be replaced.
Rule number 9.
The development of speech of senior preschool age can be based on mini-performances. By the birthday or New Year, the guys can memorize their roles and perform. Such classes give impetus not only to the development of speech, but also stimulate the creative component.
Rule number 10.
Do not build classes with your child solely on well-known techniques aimed at developing speech. Each mother knows her baby best of all, so she can independently come up with games for him.
Means of development of preschool speech leave a place of spontaneity. Most mothers confirm the fact that the best techniques are found in the process of playing with a child. They most often depend on what the baby is interested in or carried away.